You start off with a small group of settlers. You build your village, collect resources, and advance through research and trade. Recruit experts such as an engineer to find coal and iron deposits. Gather an army to defend against intruders. Explore the map and gain control of landmarks to give your people an early advantage. Whatever you choose, your people will follow as you command. Build your future empire in The Settlers.
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Two-component regulatory systems (TCS) are mediators of signal transduction, and are responsible for detecting the extracellular environment which allows a bacteria to elicit an adaptive response. TCSs are composed of a transmembrane sensor histidine kinase (SHK) to sense the extracellular environment, and a response regulator (RR) that functions as a phosphorylation-activated switch that mediates an output in bacterial response. In the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, the SrrAB two-component system is responsible for regulation of virulence factors, and survival of the pathogen under varying conditions of oxygen availability. However it remains unknown what signals the SHK (extracellular) Cache domain recognizes and responds to. Herein, I will be investigating the signals the extracellular sensing domain (Cache) of SrrB histidine kinase binds to on a structural basis. Via crystallography, the final product is expected to be a crystal structure that enables visualization of the ligand binding pocket of SrrB Cache. Future directions include experimentation with small molecular weight ligands, in order to observe the relationship between potential ligand binding and SrrAB activation or inhibition.
Chronic pain affects approximately 100 million Americans and only a minority of patients experience satisfactory relief of their pain with currently available pharmaceutics. One type of chronic pain is caused by direct injury to the nerve called neuropathic pain, and it affects 10% of the overall population. Despite the prevalence, the underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain are not well-defined, and better understanding of the mechanisms that promote central sensitization after injury could lead to better treatment of this condition. Notably, a recent meta-analysis of microarray studies of pain-related genes demonstrated a remarkable enrichment of genes related to the complement system activation. Among the complement products, C5a seems to be especially important in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. C5a and the receptor for C5a, C5aR1, are upregulated in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury, and selective C5aR1 antagonists (PMX205, JPE1375) produce analgesia in a mouse model of neuropathic pain. When C5a is generated, C5aR1 is activated on glia, this in turn activates phagocytosis and releases inflammatory factors. Previous literature suggests that C5a levels increase in the tissue, spinal cord, and plasma following injury. A model of neuropathic pain, spared nerve injury (SNI), was used to induce hyperalgesia in C57BL6 mice. A mechanical stimulus, the Von Frey method, was used to test reaction to an innocuous stimulus both before and after surgery.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene with F508del as the most prevalent mutation. This gene encodes the CFTR protein, a crucial ATP-binding cassette transporter and anion channel involved in the movement of chloride and bicarbonate across epithelial surfaces. Common symptoms found in CF patients include the accumulation of viscous, sticky mucus in passageways and ducts due to the inability to properly regulate ion flow. We developed a F508del ferret model to study how CFTR modulators rescue CFTR function and observe the expression of mucus phenotypes. CFTR correctors, such as lumacaftor, encourage proper CFTR protein folding and trafficking to the cell surface. Using primary airway epithelia and Western blotting techniques, we demonstrate how treatment with lumacaftor can improve ferret CFTR-F508del processing and function. Immunofluorescence staining for MUC5B and MUC5AC mucin protein subtypes was employed to investigate mucin protein expression in lung tissue sections. Quantitative mass spectroscopy methods were used to determine mucin protein levels in ferret bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. These findings suggest that the CFTR-F508del ferret model may be useful for testing therapies, thus allowing us to take steps towards improving medicine for individuals with CF.
The use of active learning methods, such as POGIL and Peer Learning, in STEM courses have been shown to promote student learning. However, not all active learning is equivalent, and instructor facilitation is one source of this variation. An analysis of instructor facilitation can elucidate what interactions promote student engagement and positive learning outcomes. Current coding schemes regarding instructor facilitation do not emphasize the nuances of instructor speech, yet these nuances are of great importance to gaining a deep understanding of how instructor facilitation affects student learning. Using an open coding method, a framework for observing classroom instruction (FOCI) was developed to characterize instructor utterances across both lecture and discussion periods. Additionally, this framework uses a visualization of instructor speech codes that more easily allows for comparison of facilitation across class periods and instructors. A variety of utterance types can be seen in any given question period using FOCI. Furthermore, FOCI can be used in future classroom studies to enhance specificity and offer a new method by which instructor speech can be analyzed.
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease characterized by spontaneous seizures. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death in patients with medically refractory epilepsy. This is especially true in Dravet Syndrome (DS), a genetic type of epilepsy caused by a mutation in the Scn1a gene, which encodes the voltage gated sodium channel NaV1.1. Seizure-associated death is influenced by the time of day, with death occurring mostly during the night in both patients with epilepsy and in multiple mouse models. One of these models, the Scn1aR1407X/+ mouse model of DS, is susceptible to heat-induced seizures and experiences spontaneous seizures that are sometimes fatal. Spontaneous seizure-associated death has been shown to occur more likely during the night in this model, suggesting a circadian influence. In mammals, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)regulates the endogenous circadian rhythm. In this project, we will lesion the SCN to eliminate the circadian rhythm and then induce seizures at different times of the day. Our hypothesis is that elimination of the circadian rhythm through SCN lesion will eliminate the nighttime prevalence of seizure-associated death. This work is on-going and will help us better understand how time of day influences the timing of SUDEP.
Herpesviruses infect almost all humans and cause diseases that range from mild to lethal severity. Virus disease depends on the function of viral proteins that hijack basic cellular functions. One of these hijacked functions is microtubule motor transport. The human herpes viruses share a set of conserved virus genes including one that encodes a membrane protein called UL51. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) UL51 and related proteins in other human herpesviruses bind to the p150glued subunit of dynactin, a 23 subunit protein complex, that is a cofactor for the microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein within the host cell. Amino acid residues 90-125 of HSV-1 UL51 are necessary and sufficient for this interaction. We hypothesize that the UL51 protein-dynactin interaction is important for viral growth or spread within the host cells. We will mutate specific amino acids in the dynactin interaction sequence of UL51 in the context of an expression plasmid and test for interaction between the mutant UL51 and dynactin. Mutations that disrupt the interaction with dynactin will be introduced into the virus genome and we will then test the effect on viral growth and spread within host cells.
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, with an estimated 90,000 new cases of invasive disease and 10,000 deaths per year. In 40% of melanoma cases, the cancer initiating event is a mutation in the BRAF gene, which encodes a protein that promotes cell proliferation. These BRAF-mutant melanomas typically respond to orally administered BRAF inhibitors that block the activity of mutant BRAF. Unfortunately, melanoma cells often develop resistance to such BRAF-targeted therapies and regain the ability to proliferate. There are multiple pathways by which drug resistant melanomas can emerge, and some of these pathways may involve increased adhesion of melanoma cells to the extracellular matrix on which the cells are growing. Other pathways to resistance can involve additional mutations in the BRAF gene that block the binding of BRAF inhibitors. We hypothesized that drug resistant melanoma cells that rely on cell adhesion would be selectively sensitive to inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which can promote cell proliferation when it is activated downstream of cell adhesion. Surprisingly, we found that both classes of drug-resistant melanoma cells responded to FAK inhibitors, suggesting that targeting cell adhesion in melanoma may be more broadly applicable than anticipated. 2ff7e9595c
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